Future research should evaluate these factors in relation to the family resilience model. However, racially diverse parents were grouped together and factors that are likely important, such as the strength of an individual’s cultural or ethnic identity were not examined. Future research should use a broad systems level approach to evaluate the utility of the FRM as a theoretical model and an individual predictor approach to isolate which factors are 2025 US Tornadoes and Severe Storms relief most relevant for family functioning.
Care
Lastly, we want to point out that the situation of families during the first lockdown was different from the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, cross-sectional data based on a one-time survey do not allow for causal conclusions. Accordingly, parents with a low level of education and single parents are underrepresented, within the sample compared to the German average (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2021).
Because of COVID-19, parents have experienced increased stress and fear, which might have challenged their capacity for tolerance and for perspective planning. Additionally, there is a limited validity of information provided by proxy-respondents (Jensen et al., 1999; Looker, 1989) that are often not equivalent to that reported by both children with chronic health conditions and healthy children (Yeh et al., 2005; Vance et al., 2001). Self-report measures can generally be used with children who are old enough to understand and use self-report scales, are not overly distressed, or cognitively impaired (Riley, 2004). Although it is paramount to ask children to report on their own health to understand the trajectories of health and illness (Riley et al., 2004), it is also important to be sure that they comprehend the items and rating scales. Data on the consequences of pandemics show that most children have experienced psychological discomfort (Brazendale et al., 2017; Brooks et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Living in poor households is a major risk factor for several mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, as well as other developmental challenges and physical health problems (Pinderhughes et al., 2001).
3 Interactive Effect of Stressors and Social Support on Children’s Subjective Well-being
Multiple elements including quarantine, physical distancing, unemployment, caregiver stress, panic, stigmatization, and death in the families impose negativity among the primary health care providers and families, therefore coping mechanisms are required to improve the mental health. Our findings build upon emerging research that multifactorial interventions targeting multiple aspects of the family system (i.e., spousal relationship, each individual parent, individual child) and the family as a whole are needed to best support families. However, within a differential susceptibility framework (Ellis et al., 2011), temperamentally difficult children may be more responsive to positive change in their psychosocial environments. That is, families that had a child who was less temperamentally emotional were more likely to be thriving and coping well with pandemic conditions. Through use of cognitive reappraisal, parents may be modeling effective emotion regulation strategies for their children (Gottman et al., 1996; Eisenberg et al., 1998). Employers and policymakers could also adjust workplace policies to better support families with two parents with expanded, paid family leave (Crompton, 2006; Lewis, 2009).
The analyzed studies showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused mental and healthproblems including stress, anxiety, and depression. Family members including children werespending a lot of time together at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The magnitude of family resilience is determined by manyvulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, preexisting mentalhealth condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due toinfection or fear of infection. A healthy relationship, communication,faith-based practices, a positive mindset, and building social support areadaptive coping to respond to the crisis and adversity together.
- Research has shown that situations in which parents must fill their children’s time at home generate many surprises, tensions, and conflicts that force a reorganization of daily activities and make everyday life challenging .
- Based on significant correlations that emerged, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to verify whether parents’ peritraumatic distress due to COVID-19, past trauma, and parenting stress levels were predictive of children’s psychological difficulties.
- In Wales, during lockdown, you must not visit other households, or meet other people you do not live with, unless they are in your support bubble.
- Frequent parent-child outings decreased in 2020 compared with 2019 for many reasons, including shutdowns and travel bans.
In March this year, around 50 children were waiting for a secure children’s home place. Among secure children’s homes, the lack of places in the areas where they are needed is even more acute. The distribution of children’s homes across the country does not appear to be linked with regional demand, with no close relationship between the needs of children and the needs that homes say they meet.footnote 57 As a result, local authorities are struggling to find appropriate provision. Places for children to live should not just be sufficient in number, but should also meet the children’s needs and, where consistent with the child’s welfare, be within the authority’s borders.footnote 51 Their investment in this area indicates that they are recognising and responding to children’s changing needs.